Sunday, May 12, 2013

CHAPTER 30: Challenging the Postwar Order

Intro

Title: Let's Try Something New

Blog info: This blog is about chapter 30 and the cultural, social, and political changes in Europe that went on through the 1960's to the 1990's. These changes included movements against the affluent society (New Left), the rise of self service grocery stores and shops. There were also small revolutions in France, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Russia. The European consensus agreed that jobs would be in abundance and the standard for living would improve, although in Russia and the East Bloc it varied depending on the country. Cold war tensions relaxed and lead to social harmony. This hard-won consensus, however, began to unravel in the 60's. Protesters for the counter culture movement globally challenged standard ways of life. In the 1970's the postwar economic advance came to a halt with serious consequences in Western Europe. In the west more conservative political parties emerged and dramatically cut welfare benefits to deal with economic decline and global competition. New political groups like feminists, environmentalists and populists criticized centrist politics across the board. Postwar leaders of the East bloc waver between reform and repression leading to a stagnation. Broad movements against communism took place in Poland and Russia and snowballed out of control. Communism was swept away in 1989 as the Cold War reached a dramatic conclusion.


Chapter/Unit Objective: through this chapter we hope to achieve a deeper and more detailed knowledge of the revolutions that took place, the political and social movements taking place, and events leading up to the end of the Cold War and the outcomes of the end.


Essential Question (E.Q.): How did the surprisingly peaceful reunification of Germany lead to the end of the Cold War?

E.Q. Answer: The unification of Germany lead to the end of the Cold war by accelerating the pace of agreements to liquidate the Cold War. In November of 1990 twenty-two European nations, Soviet Union, and the U. S. agreed in scaling down on armed forces, affirmed all existing borders of the newly formed Germany as legal. This lead to the Paris Accord that was a general peace treaty bringing an end to the Cold War. This also lead to the United States and Soviet Union scraping much of their nuclear weapons through a series of agreements. in September of 1991 George H. W. Bush called off all alerts for American bombers, Gorbachev followed suit and for the first time 4 decades no weapons were standing and the end of the Cold War was official.




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Three People


Hey, Women Can Make a Difference!

Chapter 30 is called “Challenging the Post War Order”, and the important figures in this chapter did exactly that. Many of the significant leaders of the time wanted to press play on many of the reform movements. There’s no doubt that the twentieth century was full of motivated and important figures who thought that their ideas were best for the country, however, three of them stick out to me as influential: Margaret Thatcher, Simone de Beauvoir, and Rachel Carson. Not only were these three influential, but they did some really great things (which is controversial, of course).


Margaret Thatcher


First of all, Margaret Thatcher was the first woman elected to lead a major European state which already puts her at the top of my list, because women were still struggling at this time but were beginning to gain some rights. Thatcher is referred to as the “iron lady” who attacked socialism, promoted capitalism, and ultimately changed modern Britain. The 1980’s were referred to as the “Thatcher years”, and during this time her government cut spending on health care, education, and public housing. Thatcher’s policies helped the welfare state, unfortunately they caused industries to be shut down, unemployment rates in Britain doubled causing a widened gap between the rich and the poor, and then leading to the terrible effect of discontent and crime. People began to blame her for the growing unemployment, which leads me to my argument of why her success was controversial. Even though she reduced union power, lowered taxes, and promoted a free market she became increasingly unpopular. She is significant to the chapter because of what she did for Britain after the Cold War. Her views on how to make Britain a better country didn’t play out as well as she may have wanted them to, and she became stubborn, overconfident, and even uncaring. It’s important that people are aware of how her ideas and moves affected the people in such a short amount of time. I believe that’s why she’s so significant to the time period and the chapter. Along with the fact that she was the first woman to ever lead a European state.


Simone de Beauvoir


The 1970’s marked the arrival of a feminist movement devoted to securing gender equality and promoting the interests of women. This major development in women’s rights was because of changes in motherhood, feminine intellectuals articulated a powerful critique that made many women think twice and challenge the status quo, and the Vietnam War dissatisfied many women causing them to band together and make changes. Many women were inspired by recent works such as The Second Sex written by Simone de Beauvoir. She analyzed the position of women from the stand point of an existentialist. I find her to be very inspiring because she argued her point by reflecting on history, philosophy, psychology, biology, and literature. She proved first that she was intelligent and then continued to make her point. That shows other intellectuals the potential that women have. She also argued that only through courageous action and self-assertive creativity could a woman become a completely free person and escape being the inferior “other” that men have molded her into. I agree with her, and that’s why I think she’s so significant not only to this chapter but to the time period, and modern times. Because of her novel The Second Sex, a feminist movement expanded from Europe to the United States. Beauvoir inspired a generation of women intellectuals, and because of that woman gained more rights and women are where they are today. She contributed so much to the feminist movement of the time, and didn’t blame anybody else for the lack of women’s rights. She firmly believed that women must accept responsibility for their lives and strive to overcome the dilemmas they face. She’s a powerful, motivated woman who was a very significant figure at this time.


Rachel Carson


Much like feminist activists and peace advocates, new environmental groups began to bloom in the 1960’s. These early environmentalists drew inspiration from writers, much like the feminist activists did which I just got done writing about. Biologist Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring, first published in the United States in 1962 and it was quickly translated into twelve different languages. That shows just how popular her writing was and how it began to motivate young minds. This story was a bout a future spring when people would wake up and hear no birds singing because the birds had been killed by pollution and the overuse of pesticides. This one book had a striking and significant impact on the growth of environmental movements in Europe. I believe that Rachel Carson is significant to this time period because of the impact she had on the movement, and the events that took place due to her thoughts and her book. By the 1970’s it was clear to see the destructive environmental costs that industrial development was causing. Therefore, new environmental groups formed which then led to further environmental protests. But what is even more shocking was that because of Carson’s outward portrayal of the possible future of the environment, the Green Party emerged. The Green Party planned to fight for environmental causes. Members of this political party were elected to parliament in 1983, the first time in sixty years that a new political party had been seated in Germany. Their success was a model for others in the U.S as well. Without Rachel Carson’s predictions and novel, I don’t believe that the movement would have happened or had the same effect on much of the world. This is why Rachel Carson, in my opinion, is just as significant to the time period as the other two women. She changed the lives of so many, and made lives better for the future. 




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Two U.S. Events


Star Wars Plan


Star Wars Plan

In 1983, United States President Ronald Reagan created the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), otherwise known as Star Wars. Reagan's goal was to destroy Communism. The SDI was a shield in space to protect the US from incoming Soviet missiles. Reagan said, "Wouldn't it be better to save lives than to avenge them?" Even though Reagan had good intentions with his idea, critics did not believe that Star Wars would be successful, and they feared that the Soviet Union would retaliate with their own SDI.


  **connection across continents**

 
Tight Controls on Travel

The Strategic Defense Initiative relates to the conflict between East and West Germany. East Germany was communist, and the Berlin Wall was built to separate the east from the non-communist west. West Germany is like the United States.They also wanted to eliminate communism. East Germany had tight controls on travel and they would persecute anyone who tried to escape to the west.

       
Fall of the Berlin Wall

The East represents the Soviet missiles. The west wanted to protect people from communism like the United States. When the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, many people from the east poured into the west. The east could have tried to stop everyone like they did before the wall fell, but instead they let everyone leave, realizing that they could not stop it from happening.
Reunification of Germany

Like Reagan said, Germany thought it would be better to save lives than to avenge them. East Germany did not get revenge on West Germany for "stealing" all their citizens, and West Germany did not get revenge on East Germany for keeping people in a communist state against their wishes. The east and west were reunited into one Germany less than a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall. 





The Women's Movement in the US


In the 1960's and 1970's, the United States experienced the women's movement. Women were fighting to seek new roles, responsibilities, and their own personal and professional identities rather than being defined by the male-dominated society. Women were inspired by different authors and organizations to rise up and fight for their rights. Some people pushed for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. However, it was only ratified by thirty-five of the thirty-eight states it needed, so it did not become part of the Constitution. The movement did have some victories though. One of the most significant was the right to have an abortion during the early months of pregnancy. Unfortunately, the women's movement died down in the later 1970's without all the goals being met.

**connection across continents**



Betty Friedan was an American author whose inspiration stretched to Europe. She wrote The Feminine Mystique which called attention to the stifling aspects of women's domestic life, saying that housewives live in a “gilded cage."





Like in the US, many women in Europe took Friedan's words and began to fight for their rights. Friedan's organization, NOW (National Organization for Women), was also very popular in both countries. The group attacked male domination and fought for equal status in the workplace. It also fought for rights to abortion and divorce. Overall, both the US and Europe had similar motives for their women's movements and they fought for those motives in similar ways.





 This video gives a glimpse of what the women's movement was like in the US.





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"Picturing the Past"


Women Take Kids to Daycare 

In the 1960's and 1970's there was a surge in the fight for women's rights and equality, which had great success. Women came together to promote gender equality within the workforce, in politics, and at home. Inspired by Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex women and their movement gained media attention and gave women more opportunities in and outside the workforce. Women were able to divorce and get abortions, get protection from sexual harassment, and get help to accommodate their busy lives. For instance, daycares opened to take care of children while mother's went to work.



Analyzing the Image 
Judging from the picture, how
many women  took advantage of the new

opportunities given to them? How do you think the men reacted to this?

  • Answer: The vast majority of women took advantage of these new opportunities, even if they were not a part of the feminist movement. Some men were reluctant to accept the change, while others welcomed it.


Connections 
What was the organization that helped make opportunities like daycare possible? 
  • Answer: National Organization for Women, (NOW)
Has the feminist movement of the 1960's and 70's had a lasting effect to today? 
  • Answer: Yes, women are in the workforce, still use daycare, and are being given even more opportunities now than back then.



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Connections Across Time



The Consumer Revolution and Today


Throughout Western European history, the trends of consumerization have been a major theme. 
To this.
From this...


Around the time of the Cold War, the new consumer revolution created new trends, new products, and new opportunities for the working class. Also, it had a major impact on how people ran their lives. The new products, such as vacuum cleaners, lead to more efficient ways of doing household chores. This revolution would bring a new age of technology.


  • This connects to today because of our very own consumer revolution. Around the world there are new technological advances that run our lives. New cars, cell phones, tablets, things like that, and we are dependent on these products. An example: our cell phones and computers help us keep in touch with friends and family and keep track of our daily schedule. The world we live in today mirrors the world more than 30 years ago, just with more high-tech devices.




Women Then and Now


  • During the Cold War there was a feminist movement to change patterns of motherhood and paid work that demanded better working conditions and new demands. They wanted more opportunities for work, better wages, and not to be seen as male-dominated.

From this...
To this.

This connects to today in a way that, because of these movements for women's rights, there's more flexibility to what women can do. Women live independently and maintain some of the highest respected jobs. It sets new and improved standards for women. Their goal to be a more dominate sex prevailed as there are women like Michelle Obama, Hilary Clinton, and Sarah Palin seen marking their mark in politics.






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Artwork


The artwork from 1960-1991 found many different outlets in the ways people expressed their views of the changing society. People reacted to these drastic changes by means of their cultural and political depictions of their various views.





Thierry Noir's Berlin Wall

Reagan's memorial statue
The people in West Berlin would draw on the wall in protest. People like Thierry Noir and Keith Haring were artists who decided to make the Berlin Wall their large-scale canvas. However, many other common people on the West side followed suit. The Berlin wall acted as an outlet for protest about the splitting up of the city. Eventually the East would be able to add to the colorful design that the West was able to create due to their greater freedom. The Berlin Wall is still a symbol of this period of history during German reunification and bits of it can be found in several museums. Some of it is in President Reagan's memorial statue. The wall stood like an iron curtain between the communist East Germany and the free West Germany.





Keith Haring's Berlin Wall






Edmund Valtman created this political cartoon to show the fragmentation of the Soviet Union after reforms like perestroika and glasnost by Gorbachev. However, because of revolutions throughout the country, Gorbachev's reforms were overwhelmed. This caused there to be a large anticommunist revolution took over the Soviet Union and thus causing it to break apart into Russia and fourteen other states. In the cartoon we see Gorbachev sullenly looking over his collapsed Soviet Union.








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321 Summary

3 Things learned:

  1. Margaret Thatcher was a New Leftist who greatly reformed the welfare state in England. She also drastically cut social spending and played austerity measures.
  2. Gorbachev's reforms like perestroika and glasnost accelerated the westernization of the Soviet Union. They loosened the controls on media and lessened governmental controls. 
  3. Stagflation was the economic slow down and inflation that caused a worldwide recession that threatened the post World War II prosperity experienced by most European countries.
2 Things interesting:
  1. It's interesting how much women came to the foreground of society. There was Margaret Thatcher who was one of the great minds of the political world during her time and also Simone de Beauvoir who was a feminist that advocated for independence and many other women who achieved great things.
  2. It was very interesting how Willy Brandt asked forgiveness at the memorial of a Polish soldier at a Jewish ghetto for the war crimes of Nazi Germany.
1 Question:
  1. Why did people not have many revolts over communism and why were they not successful until the late 20th century if the leaders were as repressive as they were? If people were as adamant about change over dictatorial rule as they should have been then people should have been more aggressive in their approach. In reality it seems like the people really didn't do much. The communism fell apart on its own.

Wednesday, March 6, 2013

CHAPTER 25: The West and the World

Les Introduction

New imperialism, or the drive for European powers to politically expand their empires abroad, caused many countries to be unhappy. These were the Third World countries which were not industrialized as the West was. One of the main ideas of Chapter 25 is that by having such a wide cultural gap between nations, the stronger, more powerful nations could come in and take over the weaker nations to a certain extent. Britain did this with several countries and it turned out well... for a little while. The more industrialized European nations like Britain wanted to expand their ability to import and export materials so they colonized in areas that had the resources they desired.

Objective: In this blog the goal is to thoroughly be able to tell what new imperialism was all about. It will tell what happened during the new imperialism phase.

EQ: Why were Europeans so eager to implement imperialism? The European powers wanted to be as powerful as possible. To do this they thought that they should have as much territory as possible; especially in the African regions that were rich with goods like gold and spices. By controlling and colonizing important land throughout the world, European powers could gain what they desired: wealth and power.





The Political Cartoons


This political cartoon represents John Bull, a general personification of England, reaching his octopus tentacles out to other nations. It represents the imperialistic desires England had and succeeded in acquiring. The artist's opinion of this cartoon seems to be that England is a bit power hungry in its quest for territorial acquisitions since Bull's face has a sort of evil grin. I enjoy the octopus aspect of the cartoon because it shows how much Britain really got all over the world and stuck there with its imperialistic tentacles.


Also featuring John Bull representing England, this cartoon depicts the grubby hands of England taking Africa for its gold fields and other resources. The author's opinion of this seems to be that rather than England's head getting too big, its hands are. Having the hands be large symbolizes the spread of land that the country got its hands on. The larger the hands, the larger the surface of the globe they cover. I like the fact that by having Bull's hands laid out the way they are, it makes it seem as though the author intentionally had Britain grubby for African gold.




Political Cartoon: US Imperialism Edition

This political cartoon depicts President Obama's ideas regarding spending. The donkey representing the Liberal party is smugly condoning Obama shoving money into the personified fat Uncle Sam as Debt. The elephant that represents the Conservative party is eyeing Obama as though he is unconvinced that this plan will work. The author is using this cartoon to sarcastically comment on the growing debt that is not being solved by Obama's methods. I like this cartoon since it comically depicts the circle of spending and increasing debt Obama seems to have put Uncle Sam into.




Is the United States Imperialistic? Is it??



Pro: The US was imperialistic
1.) The US colonized territories like Hawaii which was running on its own from the Dole fruit company. The group of Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani's rule. The Hawaiian islands were, after a few years, annexed into the United States.
2.) The idea of "manifest destiny" was used to promote western expansion of America. The Americans took the Native Americans' land during westward expansion and fought with them to obtain it.
3.) America's gunboat diplomacy with Japan was enacted because wanted to share ports with Japan in a civilized way since they viewed Japan's isolation as barbaric. America wanted Japan to share their ports and behave civilly. Matthew Perry went into Japan and with gunboat diplomacy forced military punishment if they did not open two of their ports for trade with America.

Con:
1.) The US is not imperialistic because one of the main goals of the nation is to spread the idea of liberty and want other countries to succeed as America has. This is similar to but very different from the "white man's burden" because America does not want to condescend other nations or force them from their ways, but merely set an example of a path to follow.
2.) Teddy Roosevelt reinstated the Monroe Doctrine which basically said that the US was opposed to European powers trying to expand westward and that if they attempted to, the US would take it as a direct threat. This shows how much the US did not want to colonize or see other nations have an imperialistic attitude.
3.) The US was not imperialistic because it was a nation built on liberty. With these principles, the nation could not control another country as an overbearing figure. The United States believes in freedom so it may not infringe on these rights against other countries.




What was the US doing?

Queen Liliuokalani
Queen Liliuokalani
The US at this time was forming its own great amount of nationalism along with its quest for more land. The US annexed Hawaii in 1898 which the Hawaiian government was not very happy about. Queen Liliuokalani was dethroned and her kingdom disbanded. The United States gained the resources Hawaii had and its closeness to Japan was a major boost to the security and trade for the nation. However even today, Hawaii has retained much of its culture that it had when it was its own kingdom.



The Spanish-American war was occurring in 1898. The US intervened in Spanish affairs after the USS Maine sunk in Havana. Spain was intervening on Cuban designs and the US came to help Cuba out which caused tensions between the US and Spain. So while the US was helping Cuba out, Spain decided to declare war. Spain lost this war against America and had to renounce its claim on Cuba and cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the US. The treaty that did this was the Treaty of Paris in 1898. The Treaty also made the sovereignty over the Philippines go to the US. 


**This is similar to the rule Britain had in India because it gave the British the benefits of the Indian resources so they could trade with other countries. The United States acquired territories that it could use for trading and resourceful purposes.




European Turmoil: An Uprising


One of the major uprisings over imperialism against the British was the Sepoy mutiny which started in Meerut, India on May 10, 1857. The Sepoys were Indian soldiers in the British army so when they, being Muslim and Hindu, had to rip their gun cartridges made out of pork and cow off with their mouths, they got upset since that violated their religion. The rebellion spread throughout India and only resulted when the British East India Company was dissolved. The rebellion led to reforms in the army as well as the financial and administration systems. The British held even stronger control on India.





An Uprising From the Present Day

The famous Boxer rebellion about Chinese "Boxers" who disliked foreigners trying to westernize China and say that the Chinese beliefs were wrong simply because they were not with the status-quo of the west. A couple hundred missionaries were killed as well as a few thousand Chinese Christians. This is similar to the rebellion in December 2010 in Tunisia where Tunisian citizens, while not being upset with foreigners, were upset with their government's corruption and political restrictions. A street vendor named Mohammed Bouazzizi set himself on fire in his home which set off the revolt where young educated, unemployed people took to the streets and could not be contained. This all caused the Tunisian president to go into exile and the military to go into shambles with two different sides battling each other.






Spotlight On the Suez Canal



The Suez Canal was first built in 1869 because of the French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps's request and the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was formed to make it. Today, the Suez canal still connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea at the Gulf of Suez. The Canal allowed trade between Europe and Asia to be done much faster than before since ships did not have to sail around the coast of Africa. The canal is controlled by the Suez Canal Authority. There is a railroad along the west bank and the canal can only have one ship in a "shipping lane" since the Canal is not wide enough for two ships to pass each other. To go through the canal takes about 11 to 16 hours. The Canal is a very efficient waterway and nearly fifty ships go through it daily as it supports 8% of the shipping traffic of the world. In the future the Canal will be widened and deepened so more and larger ships can use it at once. 




And Finally, a 321 Summary

3 Things learned:

     1.) New imperialism focused on the African continent rather than the New World.
     2.) The Boxer Rebellion caused the collapse of the Qing Dynasty
     3.) I learned that although America was not entirely imperialistic, it did have its moments with Japan trying to make Japan "civilized".

2 Things interesting:

     1.) The majority of Africa was controlled by Europe during this time period of new imperialism.
     2.) Opium was a major source of wealth for the British from India into China. Who knew opium could be so addicting? Oh those poppies...

1 Question:

     1.) Why did the British continue to import opium into China besides the fact that it was good for trade? It seems like they did it just for power which they must have known wouldn't be good for their relations with China yet they apparently didn't care. How could they be so heartless??